Basic Principles of Tort Supported by Case Law.

Introduction This essay is an attempt to advise Changwa on the area of law under which he can bring an action in view of the facts given in the question. The essay will also attempt to advise Changwa with respect to the person against whom such action can be brought. In order to achieve this end, the essay will pay particular attention to the salient elements he has to establish in the area of law identified, if at all he is to succed in his claim. The essay will conclude by looking at the likely difficulties Changwa may encounter in succeeding in his claim in the event that he was to bring an action. The advice will be with the aid of decided cases where necessary. Area of Law and the Potential Defendant. In view of the facts given in this case, the name of the area of law under which Changwa can bring an action is in the tort of negligence. Accordingly, he must bring this action firstly against the pub manager for the cockroach found in the food. Secondly, the action must be brought against the manufacturers of the red wine. This is so because the pub manager is merely the retailer with no opportunity to temper with the contents of the red wine. The law of negligence dates back as far as 1856 when Lord Baron Alderson in Blyth v Birmingham Water Works Company gave a simple and precise definition of what constitutes negligence in the following terms; Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. It follows therefore that negligence consists of either an act or omission on the part of the defendant. It is trite law that the tort of negligence has three essential elements, which any claimant must prove in order to succeed in his action against the defendant. These three elements are existence of duty of care owed to the claimant, breach of such duty of care by the defendant and lastly the resulting damage to the claimant arising from the breach of the duty of care . Each of the above elements of the tort of negligence will now be discussed in turn. Existence of duty of care It is now settled law that there exists no all embracing duty owed to the whole world in all circumstances. However, the determining issue is whether a duty of care existed and whether it was owed to the particular plaintiff. The basis of the law of negligence is that the defendant owes the plaintiff a duty of care. It must be mentioned that the duty owed to a claimant is not imposed by contract but is one imposed by the law. The modern law as regards this aspect of the law of negligence was extensively canvassed in the celebrated case of Donoghue v Stevenson where the House of Lords were confronted with the general question of whether a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the ultimate consumer of his products and they proceeded to hold that he did. In that case, the plaintiff became ill after drinking ginger beer from a bottle which contained a decomposing snail in it. She had not bought the daring herself, so she was unable to rely on a breach of contract. In this regard, she sued the manufacturers of the beer under the tort of negligence, claiming that they owed her a duty of care. The House of Lord decided the case in the plaintiff’s favour and the case is an authority because of the rule of law laid down by Lord Atkin when he stated thus; The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question, who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be – persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question This test has been criticised as being too wide but it made it easier for lawyers to argue that there should be liability for negligently causing harm in new situations. Similarly, in Anns v Merton , the court had the following to say concerning the duty of care; In order to establish that a duty of care arises in a particular situation, it is not necessary to bring the facts of that situation within those of previous situations in which a duty of care has been held to exist. Rather the question has to be approached in two stages. First one has to ask whether, as between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage there is a sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood such that, in the reasonable contemplation of the former, carelessness on his part may be likely to cause damage to the latter – in which case a prima facie duty of care arises. Secondly, if the first question is answered affirmatively, it is necessary to consider whether there are any considerations which ought to negative, or to reduce or limit the scope of the duty or the class of person to whom it is owed or the damages to which a breach of it may give rise In view of the above exposition of the law, it is clear that firstly, the pub manager owes a duty of care to Changwa to ensure that he is not harmed by the food prepared therein. Secondly, the manufacturer of the red wine ought to have the consumer in contemplation as a person who would likely be affected by the actions of the manufacturer. The above cases show that the manufacturer and not the retailer, owes a duty of care to the consumer in instances where the retailer has no power whatsoever as to the contents or quality of a product. In view of this duty, a manufacturer in the position of the manufacturer of the red wine must take reasonable steps to ensure that the drinks they produce do not contain any impurities which would be harmful to the consumer. Breach of Duty of Care A potential defendant will be negligent by falling below the standards of the ordinary reasonable person in his situation, that is, by doing something which the reasonable man would not do or failing to do something which the reasonable man would do. According to the learned authors of English Law , if a duty of care is established as a matter of law, whether or not the defendant was in breach of that duty is a matter of fact. Even if the plaintiff succeeds in showing that the defendant owes a duty of care, it is not sufficient for purposes of negligence unless a breach of that duty is shown . In deciding whether a defendant has acted negligently, the decision is based on an objective test of what a reasonable man would do. The court will decide if the defendant fell below the standard of the reasonable man. The standard of care expected from this hypothetical character is objective; not taking into account the characteristics or weaknesses of the defendant, as was aptly stated by the court in Nettleship v Weston . However, it must be mentioned that the courts expect people to take only reasonable precautions in guarding against harm to others, and this position of the law was affirmed in Latimer v AEC Ltd . In assessing what is reasonable under the circumstances, the court will consider the likelihood of harm occurring. The greater the risk of harm, the greater the precautions that will need to be taken, as was held in Miller v Jackson In the instant case, the test would be whether a reasonable person in the position of both the pub manager and the manufacturer of red wine would have neglected to carry out an inspection of their products in order to ensure that the consumer will not be harmed by the contents thereof. The obvious answer to the above question is not in the affirmative but in the negative. In this regard, Changwa would successfully establish the second element of the tort of negligence against firstly the pub manager and secondly the wine manufacturer, although this in itself is by no means conclusive that the defendants are liable to the plaintiff. At this point, in order to succeed in the tort of negligence, he will then need to establish the third element of the tort of negligence, namely that he suffered damage as a result of the breach of the duty of care by the defendant. Damage The learned authors of Clerk and Lindsell on Tort assert that it is important for the plaintiff in an action for negligence to prove the resulting damage to him from the breach of the duty of care. This is essentially premised o the fact that negligence is not actionable per se. It is necessary therefore for Changwa in this case, to show that he has suffered some harm, either physical injury, economic harm or psychological harm. This part of the elements of the law of negligence constitutes one of the difficulties that Changwa is likely to encounter in succeeding with the claim. In Donoghue v Stevenson , the House of Lords found in favour of the plaintiff because she was able to show that she had suffered a mental or nervous shock after drinking the Ginger Beer in which a decomposed snail was found. It is now categorically clear that breach of duty of care is necessary but in itself and by itself not conclusive that the plaintiff will be entitled to damages. To this effect, resulting damage is essential in this regard. This qualifies the earlier point that negligence is not actionable per se but damage must be proved if a claimant is to succeed. The Zambian courts have had several instances where they have pronounced themselves on this third aspect or element of the law of negligence. In Zambia Breweries Plc v Reuben Mwanza The respondent, Reuben Mwanza bought a bottle of a castle lager beer at a bottle store and this bottle was opened in his presence. He drunk half of the contents and he then felt as if he was choking and on examination of the bottle he found that it contained a dead lizard. The learned trial judge found as a fact that the appellants were negligent in the manufacture of the castle beer with a dead lizard in it and awarded the respondent K50, 000,000 as damages. The appellant then appealed against the excessive award of damages. The Supreme Court had the following to say in relation to the issue of damages; We have considered the submissions on this head and we agree that the K50, 000,000 awarded in this area is excessive. In doing so we take into account the conduct of the respondent after discovering a lizard in his beer. Although the respondent stated that he was shocked with the discovery of the lizard, it is shocking to us that when he was offered another beer, he quickly took it and consumed. There was no revolting reaction. Further, when he went to the Chilenje clinic he never revealed what has caused his â€Å"illness† so that proper diagnosis could be given. The reasoning of the court from the above sentiments is to the effect that there was no evidence to show that the claimant had suffered any harm, whether mental or physical thus the award was reduced. The court further stated thus; â€Å"the plaintiff has, therefore, a duty to bring credible evidence of illness. The award in this instant case comes to us with a sense of shock as being wrong in principle and on the higher side. We want to take advantage of this case to point out that in future nothing will be awarded if no proper evidence of a medical nature is conducted. † Similarly, in Continental Restaurant & Casino LTD. v. Arida Mercy Chulu , the court had the following to say as regards the need to prove actual damage in an action for negligence; The important point to stress, however, is that in cases of this nature, the basis of awarding damages is to vindicate the injury suffered by the plaintiff. The money was to be awarded in the instant case not because there was a cockroach in the soup, but on account of the harm or injury done to the health, mental or physical, of the plaintiff. Thus in the Donoghue case the plaintiff was hospitalised. Mild condition is generally not enough a basis for awarding damages. The plaintiff has, therefore, a duty to bring credible evidence of illness. The award in this instant case comes to us with a sense of shock as being wrong in principle and on the higher side. We want to take advantage of this case to point out that in future nothing will be warded if no proper evidence of a medical nature is conducted. Furthermore, in the case of Michael Chilufya Sata v Zambia Bottlers Limited , claimant found a cockroach in the drink but had not yet taken the drink when the cockroach was discovered. In a claim by the claimant, the Supreme Court of Zambia held to the effect that there was no injury or damage caused to the appellant by the adulterated drin k as he did not consume it. Furthermore, the court noted correctly that negligence alone does not give a cause of action; damage alone does not give a cause of action; the two must co-exist. It therefore follows, that for Changwa to successfully claim damages, he must prove the actual harm suffered with respect to both the food and the red wine. CONCLUSION AND ADVICE In view of the explanation of the law that has bee done above, Changwa will now be advised as follows; †¢In view of the facts given in the question, he would bring an action in the tort of negligence. †¢The person that Changwa should sue is the owner of the restaurant for the fly found in the food. This is so irrespective of the fact that changwa is not the one who bought the food because the duty of care is not contractual but is imposed by the law. In this vain, the pub owes a duty of care to Changwa. Secondly, Changwa can also bring an action for negligence against Manufacturer of the red wine for the cockroach found in the wine. This is because in cases such as these ones where the retailer has no control on the contents of the wine, recourse is had to the manufacturer, who is under a duty to take reasonable steps to ensure that the drink does not cause harm to the consumers who must be in the reasonable contemplation of the manufacturer. The tort of negligence comprises of three essential ingredients, namely; duty of care, breach of duty of care and the resultant damage, which elements have been discussed in sufficient detail above. In order to succeed in the tort of negligence, the claimant must establish all the three elements. †¢Changwa will easily prove the first two elements of negligence. However, he may encounter problems with the third element in view of the fact that it has not been shown from the question whet her he suffered any harm after taking the food which had a fly. The law on negligence demands that the claimant must substantiate the harm caused by the defendant’s breach of duty. This will be problematic for Changwa in view of the fact that he did not suffer any damage. Secondly, it will be difficult if not impossible for Changwa to substantiate his claim with respect to the red wine because he did not take the wine, thus clearly no harm was suffered by himself. In view of the collated explanations given in this essay, Changwa is advised accordingly. Bibliography Clerk and Lindsell. 2003. Law of Tort, 16th ed Cooke, J. 2003. Law of Tort, 6th ed. Liverpool: Moores University. Rogers, W. 1994. Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort, 13th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Smith and Keenan. 1966. English Law, 2nd ed. London: Pitman and Sons Cases referred to Anns v Merton [1977] 2 All ER 492 Blyth v Birmingham Water Works Company [1856] 11 Exch 781 Continental Restaurant & Casino Ltd. v. Arida Mercy Chulu S. C. Z. No. 28 of 2000 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Latimer v AEC Ltd [1952] 1 All ER 1302 Michael Chilufya Sata v Zambia Bottlers Limited SCZ No. 1 OF 2003 Miller v Jackson [1977] 3 All ER 338 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 All ER 581 Zambia Breweries Plc v Reuben Mwanza S. C. Z. NO. 39 OF 2000

Summary of Journal “International Marketing Tool: the Internet”

Article Title: â€Å"International Marketing Tooll: The Internet† Journal Title: Industrial Management And Data Systems Date/Issue: 1998, Vol. 98 Issue 6, 253 – 261. Authors: Fred Palumbo, Paul Herbig Summarized by: Emre Avsar Major goal of this article is to provide to understanding what marketers consider when adopting marketing decisions to the Internet. The Internet provides to organizations least expensive and original tools for advertising, taking and placing orders and communicating with their customers worldwide.Even if, the Internet can make marketers dreams come true, it can cause harmful consequences for firms which are not aware of the challenges that the Internet creates. Marketers should make decisions having regard to, international price, increase of competition, cultural differences, telecommunication infrastructure, credit cards use worldwide, etc. The Internet is composed of millions of networks connected on a global scale.Those networks provide servi ces which are communicating with one another or to find any information all over the world. The services which provided by the Internet are e-mail, mailing list, newsgroup, cybermall, etc. Companies should decide to how they use the Internet as a marketing tool. When companies deciding that, they should pay attention to international price, global branding, territory, channel conflict, international distribution, organizational structure, increase of competition, means of payment.The Internet gives a more global view, this global availability generate several new challenges such as: Cultural aspects ( language, images, colors) , privacy, concorship, security, international law, intellectual property, global branding, international distribution, intellectual property, etc. The Internet provides many resources for all firms, particularly for small and medium sized organizations, searching for a market for their products and services globally.

Blockbuster History Films

The film also accurately depicts the reason why the American Revolution began in the beginning of the movie; this is a rebellion against British taxation without any American representatives. Fundamentally, the American Revolution appeared in 1763, as the British community on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean matures to their interests and goals different from the dominant ruling class. But this movie depicts Various inaccurate features such as African-American freedom who engaged in war for three years in several countries. This common fear of black people is deeply rooted in our history, Du says. Partial reason the birth of the country is a very harmful fact that it is actually the country's first heavyweight movie. Given this history, Hollywood certainly has special ability and responsibility to eradicate inequality and obstacle pockets. And fly to the forefront of a new story and change. She is also studying black horror aesthetics in literature.The first meeting set up a tone for collective viewing on the go , she is called the student The Comet I asked you to read the unknown Web Du Bois SF short story. This story, written several years after the announcement of the birth of the country in 1920, is about two survivors - black men and white women - that look like an apocalypse. Dubois represented this biggest taboo as a dramatic effect and expressed it alternately from the perspective of the two people. Now thought to be an important turning point in the history of Hollywood's big hits, the movie was announced globally on July 3, 1996, but due to the height of the film viewers July 2 I started broadcasting. I am looking forward to it. The box office revenue of this movie world exceeded 817.7 million dollars, becoming the best movie in 1996. In other words, since 1993, it was the world's second largest entertainment income. It is currently ranked 72nd in the most selling movie list, and it leads the revival of large-scale disaster movies and science fiction movies from the mid-1990s to the latter half. The movie won Oscar for best visual effect and was nominated for Oscar for the best mix. The sequel's Independence Day: Renaissance is released on June 24, 2016 in 20 years and constitutes the first part of the planned three movies. It is regarded as one of the best movies ever, the white shark is a typical summer big hit, its release is seen as a moment in the watershed in the history of the movie, received a number of awards for its music and editing It is. Until 1977 Star Wars was released, it became the most viewed movie ever. Both movies are the key to building a modern Hollywood business model that evolves around high-box office action returns and adventure photos, and a simple concept venue is screened at thousands of theaters during the summer and advertised It will be. Next is three sequels, not all Spielberg and Belgium, there are many imitation thrillers. In 2001, the Congressional Library elected to keep it in the National F ilm Register, which was considered culturally, historically, or aesthetically.

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay - 2

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management - Essay Example It is evident from the definitions that there is no major disparity between the two terms, and Kelly (2011) further stated that leadership and management interlinked and complement each other. This present essay looks into a scenario whereby a hospital is forced to close down one of its unit and undergone some restructuring. Under this scenario, the essay will compare and contrast how nursing leaders and managers would approach the mentioned scenario. Secondly, I will identify the leadership style that befits my personal and professional philosophy of nursing. Unit closure and restructuring In this scenario, it is assumed that the hospital will close down one of its unit and it could be because of various reasons that could range from lack of financial resources to support this unit or lack of sufficient human resource to serve this unit. Equally, the closed unit could include the mental healthcare unit or critical care unit. Upon closure of a significant unit within a hospital, it i s widely expected that the hospital will undergo restructuring in order to control the impact of closure. It is of essence to note that the closure of a unit could potentially lead to job loss, redeployment of staff, reduction of financial capital, or introduction of a new unit/ service. The approach of nursing leaders and managers in the mentioned scenario First, it is significant to note that in the mentioned scenario both a nursing leader and manager have to deal with the issue of change, and thus, how to manage and lead the hospital through the change that it would experience after the closure of the unit and during the restructuring. Kelly (2011) stated that leaders originate new ideas within an organisation, therefore, it is expected that the nursing leader will be the one who will foresee the significance of closing the unit and advocating for the restructuring of the hospital. The leader will then inspire and encourage the manager that it is the best course of action to take , after, which the manager will undertake the task of planning, organising, and coordinating the closure of the unit as well as restructuring the organisation. It can further be noted that the nursing leader will foresee the significance of closing the unit and restructuring the hospital because, leaders have long-term perspective on things while managers have short-term perspective on things, this is according to Clark (2008). With reference to the writings by Kelly (2011), it is correct to assert that the nursing leader will be the one who will originate the idea of closing the unit and even restructuring the hospital, this is because a leader is someone who can challenge the status quo while a manager easily accepts status quo. This means that the nursing manager is not the one expected to initiate the change process within the hospital. Since the above scenario involves change, the leadership and management style used by the nursing leaders and managers will determine if the ent ire process will be successful and smooth. In case, the nursing leaders and managers apply other approaches contrary to the humanistic approach, which Clark (2008) stated that it is suitable for the change process, then there is likely to be resistance from the hospital staff. However, she further noted that while leaders focus on people, managers focus on structures and systems. This therefore, means that the nursing leader will be involved in ensuring that the hospital staffs are well aware of the pending unit closure and even

The Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Lottery - Essay Example his own trip up to the box to pull for his new family, he had stopped plotting with Nancy and now Davey who had become old enough to discuss the plan to stop the lottery. Davey didn’t remember Tessie nor remember the warm nights on the porch sipping lemonade that she made from tart lemons sweetened with sugar before pouring the water into the pitcher. Davey didn’t know her loss in a real sense, only through the pain of his sister and brother. He knew the pain of his father who sat in a chair staring out over the fields in silent resentment, cold and stoic as he accepted the fate of his wife, but not his own fate of raising three children on his own. It was Davey who moved to make their plans a reality. He had seen others who had fell to the stones, sacrificed for the good of the town. He sat for hours trying to see the connection between the horrific act of stoning the one and the success of the fields. He tracked the harvests year after year, noticing that some years were good and some were bad, never relating to the person who was stoned. He tried to show Mr.Summers that the lottery did the town no good. However, Mr. Summers had an excuse and argument to counter every point that Davey made. When Mr. Summers died, he tried again to speak to his father who surprisingly took over in running the lottery year after year, as if he could reconcile Tessie’s sacrifice by deeper participation. This didn’t change a thing. Nancy came up with the idea. The town gathered, the children made the pile of stones, and the tense, polite conversation began to murmur through the growing crowd. Bill Hutchinson raised hands and smiled, quieting the crowd to ready for the lottery to begin. The year before had been brutal as the five year old child of the village teacher had been the sacrifice, and mothers were noticeably more protective of their young ones, cradling them in their arms and turning slightly away. Janie held her a Bill’s child close, her lips kissing repeatedly

Assessment Instrument for Assessing Autism Term Paper

Assessment Instrument for Assessing Autism - Term Paper Example This suggests that a system for eliciting parental views should be built into any assessment tool for autism, and that extra language support for non-native speakers of Spanish or English should be provided to ensure that this group is not left behind. There is a wealth of knowledge that parents can contribute if a method can be found to elicit their views and record them in a consistent and comparable way. Parallel to the input of parents, there is the standard procedure of child development screening carried out at specified stages during health and educational interactions. The BRIGANCE Standard Diagnostic Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills (Glasgoe, 1999) was first devised in the 1970s and has been refined and extended since then to cover a wider age range and a more clearly defined set of criteria. In its present form, it is widely accepted as a good standard instrument which allows both effective local assessment and wider collation of results across the United States which can be used to build a picture of changes in the patterns of child development as they emerge. This test certainly does pick up significant numbers of cases for further investigation but it is not specifically designed to screen for autism. Parents and broad-based standard testing are therefore a crucial first line and very basic level of screening which are effective for the majority of children. A screening instrument in the UK for very young children around 18 months of age called the â€Å"Checklist for Autism in Toddlers† or simply â€Å"CHAT† has a series of yes/no questions. The questions in section one are general, such as â€Å"does your child enjoy being swung, bounced on your knee† and these are answered by the parent.  

NETWORK PROPOSAL Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The use of photography as evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The use of photography as evidence - Essay Example is fundamentally appropriate as it becomes more common and affordable, in case of questioning the existing safeguards in the rules of evidence which are complement the verification of the totality of visual evidence as captured and stored in a digital articulation. Questions regarding photography as evidence are so discrete that it might more distinguishingly be apprehended as a series of abstracted questions. With time concern, though a couple of centuries old, photography has gone through a tremendous gradation of technical developments, and as a result, it is well distinguished in today’s scenario as compared to what it was at its bearing. This paper attempts to facilitate a critique of the cases which influence in the evaluation of the role of photography as an evidence. Furthermore, the emergence of the cases over a period of time, with reference to the accommodation of photojournalism in order to provide evidence is also outlined. With appropriate spreading as time passed by, photography is viewed as the most accurate representation of the reality or truth because, as such, it was equalized with truth; people seemed to believe that photography could not lie. There were many pictures which belonged to the early times and revealed to man the factuality he has not even suspected to exist, for example, countries which he had never seen, or monuments he did not know about. Throughout the photography’s history, there have been a number of instances inclusive of relevant manipulations of photographs which have been acknowledged as real and truthful. However, with the advent of digital imaging in the early 1980s, the photographic circles were subjected to the fears regarding the aggravating dishonesty of photography. Several prominent cases have depicted such fear, chiefly, one of the most eminent, was a picture published on the cover of the National Geographic in the year 1982, which demonstrated a group of B edouins befalling the pyramids of Gysa (Photography

Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe Essay

Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe - Essay Example ationship amongst the various processes of production, distribution, consumption and exchange, it was, nevertheless unable to visualize the importance of creating facilitating environment of growth through incentives to farmers. The farmers were therefore forced to produce not for profit but for sustenance. Another key factor that contributed to the decline of feudalism was its tendency to encourage population growth for both the peasants and the feudal lords (Dobb, 1963). The large peasant family helped in farming but it led to defragmentation of land holding and lower production in the long run. The enlarged family of local rulers strengthened their political power as the family members were absorbed in the military. This again put pressure on the farmers as surplus was used to support growing number of military. The enlarged family of rulers also witnessed reduced power as land was divided amongst larger number of inheritors. In order to strengthen the position of feudal lords, th e major states of Western Europe like Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. raised taxes and appropriation on surplus that led to the widespread revolt of the peasant (Maddison, 2007). The revolt of peasants was joined by the proletarian class which significantly helped in the fall of feudal system in Western Europe. All these factors became key issues for the decline for feudal system in Western Europe. 3. Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe in 17th to 19th century One of the most important factors that had emerged from the fall of feudalism was the development of bartering economy and expansion of trade over larger geographical areas (Ingram, 2008). The money was minted and used for payments in various economic activities like sale and purchase/ lease/ rent of land, goods and... The enlarged family of local rulers strengthened their political power as the family members were absorbed in the military. This again put pressure on the farmers as surplus was used to support growing number of military. The enlarged family of rulers also witnessed reduced power as land was divided amongst larger number of inheritors. In order to strengthen the position of feudal lords, the major states of Western Europe like Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. raised taxes and appropriation on surplus that led to the widespread revolt of the peasant (Maddison, 2007). The revolt of peasants was joined by the proletarian class which significantly helped in the fall of feudal system in Western Europe. All these factors became key issues for the decline for feudal system in Western Europe.3.   Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe in 17th to 19th century  One of the most important factors that had emerged from the fall of feudalism was the development of bartering economy and expansion of trade over larger geographical areas (Ingram, 2008). The money was minted and used for payments in various economic activities like sale and purchase/ lease/ rent of land, goods and services. The peasants and farm workers were more motivated because of wage based labour. Most importantly, the payment system in standardized form of money made it easy to switch the occupation, the feudal soldiers and serfs could now be replaced with paid soldiers and peasants boasting greater skills. It helped to highlight the importance of labour.

Figures of speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Figures of speech - Essay Example Figures of speech Style and outstanding clarity are major features of the profound speakers in the world’s history. The ultimate objective of the figures is to initiate a creative shape of the speech. The diverse figures have unique purposes within the speeches. This is evident in the subsequent analysis of Martin Luther’s speech. Diverse figures are evident in the speech of Martin Luther King Jnr. Artful repetition is a paramount technique in formulating and presenting speeches. This involves a deliberate repetition of words or phrases with an objective of clarity and emphasis. The figure of speech also minimizes the complexity of the concepts at hand. Therefore, the audiences have maximum benefits from this figure of speech. It disintegrates sophisticated details for the interest of the audience. This is an evident phenomenon in the speech by Martin Luther King Jnr. In his third paragraph, he artfully repeats the phrase â€Å"one hundred years later†. This brings an emphasis and clarity about the chronology within the hundred years of an immigrant. Therefore, he skillfully disintegrates the complexity of history and presents a simple account. Assertion is also a paramount figure of speech. This technique ensures a revelation of relationships amongst concepts of discussion. The audience always attains clarity and understanding from the comprehensive comparisons of the concepts under discussion. Under this technique, analogies are essential figures of speech. They signify particular affiliations amongst the concepts of discussion.

The Continuing Evolution of Reconstruction History by Eric Foner Essay Example for Free

The Continuing Evolution of Reconstruction History by Eric Foner Essay In this article, Foner states in his thesis that â€Å"since the early 1960s, a profound alteration of the place of blacks within American society, newly uncovered evidence, and changing definitions of history itself, have combined to transform our understanding of race relations, politics, and economic change during Reconstruction.† The article essentially encompasses the meaning of three different views of reconstruction: traditional, revisionist, and post-revisionist. After Foner defines these and explains his thesis, the article becomes somewhat of an advertisement for his own articles on the topic. Foner defines the traditionalist view as the interpretation that when then civil had finally come to an end, the white population of the south more or less accepted their military defeat and wanted to preserve their supremacy while simultaneously reuniting with the North. The first problem with this view is if the south were to continue on the path of white supremacy and never really grant African Americans any civil rights to enjoy the same freedoms as white people, then reuniting with the north would be pointless. The entire idea of the civil war and reconstruction was to abolish slavery and to also grant the freedmen some, if not most or all, of their civil rights. While discussing the traditional view, Foner also identifies two separate eras of reconstruction. The first of the two eras was Presidential Reconstruction, in which Johnson attempted to continue Lincoln’s policies. The second would be Congressional or Radical Reconstruction. In this era, the southern white community joined together in the fight against the efforts to overthrow the new governments that promoted reconstruction ideals and also to carry out Home Rule. This would essentially become the enforcement of the Black Codes, which restored the plantation lifestyle that had existed before the civil war and in turn kept the freedmen in the position of slavery. The description of the traditionalist viewpoint almost seems to be valiant in nature, almost holding the southerners to a sort of esteemed position in keeping with their traditional way of white supremacy. This raises the question, were the traditionalists either mainly southerners or racists who wanted to preserve the idea that the south was betrayed by the north and had the right to enforce the black codes? This question will go unanswered, for the article does not investigate each viewpoint to this  degree. The second viewpoint described by Foner is revisionism. Revisionists consisted of mainly African American and supporters of the freedmen who wanted to refute the ideas of the traditionalist group. This group also applies the idea of some sort of valiant effort being made, but this time by the African Americans of the era. This group defines reconstruction as â€Å"an idealistic effort to construct a democratic, interracial political order from the ashes of slavery, as well as a phase in prolonged struggle between capital and labor for control of the South’s economic resources.† In fact the entire explanation of the motives for the revisionist group makes them seem terribly offended. Revisionists believe that most traditionalists cannot view a black man as a man. Simply put, the freedman is still considered a slave. A statement like this leads to questioning of the relevance of the traditionalist viewpoint. If the south never stopped seeing the freedmen as slaves, and went out of their way to try and preserve the aspects of slavery, then how can traditionalists even support that they have a view on Reconstruction? What exactly was reconstructed? As time had progressed, the revisionist view eventually stamped out traditionalists, it was all inevitable once everyone caught on that African Americans were equal and started to look into the history of slavery and Reconstruction. The revisionists also portrayed Johnson as the racist that he really was and praised the Radicals for being so committed to the rights of the freedmen. In the most recent view of reconstruction known as post-revision, Reconstruction is seen as a time of radical change. They argued that â€Å"persistent racism had negated efforts to extend justice to blacks, and the failure to distribute land prevented the freedmen from achieving true autonomy and made their civil and political rights all but meaningless.† This raises the question of who can there be any radical change during reconstruction if the freedmen were prevented in achieving true autonomy? And if this wasn’t achieved, then what was achieved as a result of reconstruction? to answer this question, Foner explains that the post-revisionists see reconstruction as not merely a specific time period, but an extended historical process. America was readjusting after the war  and it was not a â€Å"tragic era†. Schools were established and there was social and political process for freedmen. Overall, this is by far the most optimistic viewpoint. Foner ends his explanation of post-revision rather abruptly in order to what comes off as marketing his books. He even appears to be a tad arrogant when he more or less describes his collection as the most definitive grouping of historical information and personal opinion of the entire topic. He never actually states which viewpoint he associates himself with, but it can be inferred that he is a combination of revisionist and post-revisionist. The reason for this is that holds that blacks were active agents in the making of reconstruction and reconstruction produced a variety of economic, political, and social change for the freedmen. Foner does an impeccable job at explaining each view of reconstruction as well as providing the evidence to support his reasoning. He ends on a collective note, pressing to the reader that when viewing Reconstruction, one should keep in mind different points of view and it is best to take and comparative approach to emancipation to broaden one’s perspective and to bring about questions and new conceptual ideas.

Cyber-Bullying and aTeenage Suicide Essay Example for Free

Cyber-Bullying and aTeenage Suicide Essay A study done by Pew Research Center from 2007-2010 stated that 95% of all teens use the internet and 80% of them use social networking sites (www. Edgewave. com). One in three teens is cyber-bullied (The Guardian, Tues, Aug 6, 2013). One in 13 teens face persistence abuse online (The Guardian. ). Cyber-bullies do not see the harm they cause or the consequences of their actions which minimizes any feelings of remorse. This gives the kids more advantage to say crude and hurtful things they would not do in person. Cyber-bullying is devastating when nasty things are verbalized, but when someone sends pictures of one that is not meant for the world to see this type of damage is more detrimental than the nastiness of words. The betrayal one must feel to know someone close to them would hurt them by exposing such material. The aftermath, for that experience is destructive for one’s self-image and self-esteem. When a teen is subjected to such negativity, it may push them over the edge. The damage cyber-bullying causes can be deep and long lasting. The damage that cyber-bullying can cause is low self-esteem, withdrawal, poor grades, school absences, self- harm, depression, risks for addictive behaviors such as drinking and using drugs and in the worst cases one take their own life, because they can no longer take the never ending pain that is being caused by the bullying. Cyber-bullying has been the final cause in the teens mentioned in this report as to why they committed suicide. Although, this was not the only underlining factor, many of these teens suffered from depression and other mental illnesses (WebMD, 2007). I have found several articles about teen suicides that were connected to cyber-bullying. The first such case of teen suicide connected to cyber-bullying was reported on October 7, 2003 in Essex Jct. , Vermont. Ryan Halligan was a 13 year old and he was bullied for numerous years. His parents thought the bullying was done and over with until his suicide. His father went into his computer and found that Ryan was being severely harassed. The person who bullied him years before, but became friends with later bullied Ryan. His parent has warned Ryan not to trust this person, because he betrayed him before. Ryan told his friend stories and eventually his friend turned on him unknowingly to Ryan and he was being bullied over social media sites and at school. Ryan’s father was not aware of this until after Ryan’s death and he was trying to make sense of why he son took his own life. He soon figured it out. Ryan’s parents were devastated. John Halligan has been totally dedicated in honoring the memory of his son. As well as to raise awareness on the issues, that led to Ryan’s death. John spearheaded the Vermont’s Bully Prevention bill that was signed into law (ACT 117) in May 2004 just a few months after Ryan’s death (RyanPatrickHalligan. Mr. Halligan has also successfully led the passage of the law pertaining to mandatory suicide prevention education in public schools (ACT 114) signed in April 2006 (RyanPatrickHalligan. Org). John Halligan has been recognized with five award for his outstanding community service, hard work and outreach he has done in his sons memory and his dedication to educate others on these issues (RyanPatrickHalligan. Org). Prior to their suicides, some of these teens did cry out for help by posting heartbreaking videos and updates on their sites. The examples I would like to use to support this statement are as follows: â€Å"My Story: struggling, bullying, suicide, and self-harm’ Amanda’s YouTube Video. Watching this video of Amanda was heartbreaking. To see any children go through that kind of pain and they feel they have nowhere to turn just breaks my heart. I have a teenage daughter who has been bullied in every way imaginable. I know what problems being bullied and harassed can create. She cried out for help with the Facebook posts, the flashcards, cutting and other behaviors. As I stated earlier, cyber-bullying is not the only problem that causes one to commit suicide there are other factors involved. I can relate to an extent with the parents who have lost their children to suicide. My daughter has attempted suicide and almost succeeded. It has been the worst experience to go through. She has refused all the help that was always there for her until the last attempt where she has been placed in a residential facility that I feel has saved my daughter’s life. Tyler Clementi was a quiet 18-year-old talented violinist. He started his first year at Rutgers University in 2010. Tyler â€Å"came out of the closet† with his family before leaving for college his brother James said in a statement where he discussed what a wonder person Tyler was, the suicide of his brother, what life is like without him and the close bond they shared growing up and that they both are â€Å"gay†. (James Clementi, www. queerty. com). Tyler discovered his roommate used his webcam to stream intimate moments with his boyfriend over the internet (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Tyler sent and e-mail requesting a single room, because of the webcam spying issue on September 21, 2010 about 4 a.m. (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Dharun Ravi whom was the roommate of Tyler apparently searched the internet prior to starting Rutgers and discovered Tyler’s sexuality. Dharum was not pleased to have a â€Å"gay† roommate and sent several texts to friend about keeping gays out (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Tyler asked his roommate for some privacy one evening to spend time with his companion. This second attempt to use his webcam to mainstream activity between Tyler and his companion was halted, because Tyler found the camera pointed at his bed (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Dharum tweeted â€Å"that he seen his roommate making out with a dude† and invited others via text to watch the live stream action (New York Times, March 16, 2012). From all the information, I have read on this case the final message from Tyler that was discovered after his death in a gay chat room was how to deal with the invasion of his privacy in such intimate moments and facing the people who were ignorant enough to watch it. I am going to assume that he felt he would have been bullied and harassed constantly, because of the webcam video. On September 22, 2010 at 8:42 P. M. Tyler Clementi posted on Facebook â€Å"Jumping off the GW bridge, sorry†. Tyler’s body was not recovered, but the police did pull an unidentified male body from the Hudson River north of the river where he jumped. Tyler’s wallet with his freshman identification was at the scene (ABC News, Sept 29, 2010). Dharum Ravi was charged with several charged and served a jail sentence. The other person involve exchange her testimony for reduced charges (New York Times, March 16, 2012). A huge problem with cyber-bullying is that is can be done with complete anonymity. Teenage years are tough enough to experience. When a teenager is being cyber-bullied and humiliated in front of the millions of people, it is like having a brown bag over your head in the social media world many can take a jabs instantaneously. When they feel like â€Å"everyone† is against them their self-esteem is non-existent and they slowly fall into a depressive type state. Not knowing who is saying or doing the harsh content makes it worse and makes it easier for the teenager to withdrawal. With the research I have done for this project, the experiences I have experienced as a parent and help from my teenagers, I have found many social networking sites that allow anonymity postings. A few examples of these social networking sites are www. pencourage. com, www. youmitter. com , Tumblr. com and formspring. me. The one that I found the most information on was the social networking site Ask. fm. All of these sites mentioned are question and answer social networking sites that allow anonymous participation. Ask. fm has been in the national headlines involving several teenage suicides. Ask. fm has 30 million participators who minors (Huffington Post, August 30, 2013). With the research I have done on Ask.fm, I came across the story of Hannah Smith a beautiful, 14 year old who committed suicide due to being subjected to cruel taunts and insults on Ask. fm (The Huffington Post, Aug 30, 2013). David Smith, Hannah’s father stated in the Huffington Post on August 30, 2013, â€Å"These sick people are just able to go online and hide behind a mask of anonymity while they abuse vulnerable teenagers†¦ When they’re sitting behind a computer screen you can say whatever you want and there no comebacks, but these trolls need to realize that they are affecting people’s lives in the most horrific way imaginable† (Huffington Post, Aug 30, 2013). In my opinion, Mr. Smith stated this perfect. I have wondered if any of the people involved in the cyber-bullying that finally pushed Hannah and other teens over the edge to end their lives if they have a conscience. I wonder if they are able to sleep at night knowing they are some of the reason another person ending their life. Interesting, with more investigating for this report I found on a website called www. cyberbullyingresearchcenter. us . The information that is in investigation on the case with Ask.fm and the cyber-bullying case of Hannah Smith has been founded that 98% of the messages sent to Hannah were from the same IP address as Hannah was using which indicates she was sending the hateful, threatening messages to herself (www. cyberbullyingresearchcenter. org). IP is short for Internet Protocol Address. IP addresses are assigned to every computer on an Ethernet Network (www. dummies. com). The IP address is similar to your home address. No two computers can have the same IP address on the same network (www. dummies.com). Ask. fm has identified four messages that were sent to Hannah from different IP addresses and has agreed to turn the information over to the police (The Telegraph August 11, 2013). There is no guaranteed proved that Hannah sent these messages to herself. There are other possibilities of how the messages were sent from the same IP address such as Wi-Fi connection or a school network. Mr. Smith does not deny Hannah may have sent herself some of these messages, but feels Ask. fm are trying to cover their butts. Mr. Smith has the name of one of the trolls that was harassing his daughter and the authorities do not seem interested in the information. In my opinion, there is much more to this suicide story than we the public will ever know about. Due to the recent suicides that involved Ask. fm on August 19, 2013 the social networking website agreed to make some changes (www. heavy. com). Ask. fm has implicated a report bullying or harassment button that would compel the website to investigate reported comments (www. heavy. com). This feature is expected to go live in September 2013. Ask.fm stated â€Å"they wanted their users to be able to have fun, share information and make friends freely they want their younger users to be able to do this in a safe environment† (www. heavy. com) Finally, the teen suicide rate has increased over the last 15 years (WebMD 2007). In my opinion, this has a lot to do with the advanced technology that teens have constant access to today. The ole bullying has transpired into a more severe problem called cyber-bullying. This is done through social networks, instant messages, e-mails and text messages. Electronic bullying is instant. Bullying is no longer the traditional note passing in the halls at schools. Bullying and cyber-bullying does not stop at the end of the school day as it did prior to the internet and other advanced technology we have today. Cyber-bullying triples suicide risks in teens (Sherry Boschert, Pediatric News. Digital Network). Girls are often the target of being cyber-bullied than boys. Usually by a 9% difference in studies, I came across. Being victimized by a bully can happen at any given time of the day, by anybody and regardless of what stance in authority they may hold. I was completely shocked to have come across the Andrew Cain story. Andrew Cain was a 19 year old from Pullman, Washington, whom had a criminal history since he was a minor. Most recently, Andrew failed to appear for a court hearing for charges he received in March 2013 for a probation violation (Huffington Post, June 27, 2013). Not appearing for the court hearing, warrants were issued for his arrest. The deputy posted on the Sheriff’s Facebook page that included a wanted poster and this statement â€Å"We have decided that Andrew Cain is no longer the wanted person of the week. He is the wanted person of the month of June Congratulations! † (www. heavy. com). Andrew had received texts, Facebook messages, e-mails and instant messages about this post on the Sheriff’s Facebook page about what a horrible person he was. It was not long until bogus rumors started about the charges Andrew had. According to his sister, Alise Smith she received a text from Andrew about how this has bothered him and feels that it was just too much for him to handle. Andrew Cain was in the process of turning his life around. Unfortunately, due to heartless people we will never see how Andrew Cain’s life could have turned out. On June 13, 2013, Andrew Cain committed suicide. Indeed, while I do feel the advanced technology we have today are very beneficial in many aspects of everyone’s lives. I feel that the advanced technologies that we have become accustomed to should be used with responsibility and integrity. Cyber-bullying in a nutshell is a deadly game to play. Cyber-bullies do not see what harm it causes their victim by harassing them via social media sites unless something drastic happens to their victim due to them being bullied. I really would like to ask some of the teens that have been charged in connection to these suicides if they are able to sleep at night. How the teens involved are going to feel knowing they have been a reason, why another human being took their life? They may not think about it now, because they were able to be that cruel to someone, but what about when they are older and realize what their actions caused? I would like to ask the parents of the cyber-bullies who have been charged in the suicide cases if â€Å"they† had any issues growing up or any un-resolved issues that would cause them to be so hateful to another human being. What is your opinion? I am hopeful one day that the internet world will become a safe place for all children to enjoy. Where a child can go for fun and not become depressed to the point they want to take their own life, because they have no idea how to handle all the pain and pressure of being bullied and being a teenager. I do feel so much sadness in my heart with all the young lives lost to the cruel, senseless act of other humans.

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

Evolutionary relationships between organisms What makes a good character when determining evolutionary relationships between organisms? Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships and the history between species. Phylogenetic trees can be used to illustrate phylogenetics. It is important in showing the gradual changes that have occurred between organisms which has caused one species to develop into the next. Without phylogenetic trees we would not be able to trace back to common ancestors and discover from whereabouts certain characters have emerged. Biological species is the most widely accepted definition of a species; individuals that can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring. It is directed more towards the idea of interbreeding. The morphological species concept, on the other hand, is based on the appearance of the organism rather than their ability to interbreed. This concept should only be used when the biological species concept cannot be used, for example when fossils are the only obtainable evidence as the organism no longer exists. A character is a feature that separates one species from another using the morphological species concept or behavioural or molecular attributes. A morphological example would be the presence or absence of a tail. To determine whether a character is good or less-good, the organism and its habitat must be taken into account. A good character will increase the chance of a species survival. The presence of wings in birds is clearly advantageous as all birds have wings. A less-good character to use would be one that is not so commonly found throughout the animal kingdom, indicating that it has no real advantage, for example hair found only on mammals. Shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters have an effect on phylogenetic trees. A shared ancestral character is where the common ancestor of a taxon has that particular character and has passed it on to its descendants. A shared derived character is where a character evolves and the common ancestor did not have that character. The shared derived character is what is needed to separate species when constructing a tree because it determines the evolutionary relationship. If systematists were to define humans using the character ‘hair it would be fairly useless as all non-human mammals also have hair, therefore making the character ‘hair in this case a shared ancestral character for humans. Systematists use parsimony to construct phylogenetic trees. Concerning phylogenetics, parsimony is the least complex and most likely evolutionary pathway. For example, it is more likely that a backbone only evolved once, producing vertebrates, rather than several times for many different species of vertebrate. To construct a phylogenetic tree the biological species concept can be used as well as the morphological one. Systematists use characters that separate different taxa in order to construct such trees. Examples of characters that could be utilised include the absence or presence of hair, teeth, eyes, a hinged jaw, vertebral column etc. A computer programme is used to construct the tree accurately. Having carried out a practical experiment I can now use evidence to support my ideas. During the practical I constructed two trees. The initial tree was inaccurate as very few of the organisms were placed next to their closest relative. The absence or presence of eyes was a less-good character to use for my classification because it didnt separate the different species correctly. It is not specific enough and it is a shared ancestral character, therefore not reflecting an evolutionary relationship. The character unicellular or multicellular was, on the other hand, a good character to use because it separated the Amoeba from the other organisms. After having reconstructed the tree by changing some of the characters, improvements were made , but it was still not entirely accurate. The oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) and Brontosaurus are grouped together which correctly suggests they are related, as dinosaurs are an ancestor of birds. However, the whale (Cetacea sp), human (Homo sapien) and badger (Meles meles) should be grouped together as they are all mammals. The mistake I made was choosing some characters that were analogous as opposed to homologous. Analogous characters are when species may look alike but are genetically completely dissimilar. They have been subjected to selection pressures which has caused them to develop similar characters needed to survive in their environment. A good example of this is the bat wing and the bird wing. They have not evolved from a common ancestor, but instead have converged from different ancestors. Homologous characters are when species may look completely different but they are very similar genetically because they have both descended from a common ancestor. These characters are useful for the classification of species and should therefore be used for constructing phylogenetic trees. To conclude, the most useful characters I used for this practical were unicellular or multicellular as this separated the Amoeba from the others, and the presence of a backbone as this grouped most of the vertebrates together. A homologous character is the most use when creating a phylogenetic tree and should be used in preference to analogous characters. Â   Bibliography Lecture notes Campbell and Reece Robyn Beck

Our Church Choir :: Personal Narrative Essays

Our Church Choir Last year our church choir was preparing for its twenty-seventh spring concert, and I was in charge. No, I was not president of the church choir, I was the "musician's representative!" I had not an inkling what that meant, but, sure enough, my ignorance would not linger. I was to be in charge of organizing all things musical, from equipment to musicians. The musicians seemed almost ready. The choir still had three songs to learn, but with rehearsals every night and impromptu performances in the dining halls, on the shuttle buses I felt generally confident. As a rule, when you are putting on a performance and feel "generally confident" one week before show time, begin panicking. The first disaster struck close to home: our drummer's grandmother passed away. Apart from the tremendous blow this tragedy dealt both him and the choir, we needed to find another drummer. Then, like an ominous slinky, the rest of my carefully laid plans fell one on top of the other. Our directors took ill. The music was taking too long to teach. Our pianist, gone. Our strongest soprano's voice, history. And I broke a bass string. I could do nothing but laugh . . . and cry. I managed to do that quite a bit. But just when Murphy's Law seemed martially imposed, things got miraculous. The night before the concert, an old church choir drummer stopped by to learn all two hours of the music. The choir learned the rest of the music that same evening and, when we finished, the room glowed with harmony. We were rough, but overall, the evening returned my general sense of confidence. (See above rule.) When I arrived the next evening, a troubling sight greeted me: a cart with none of the sound equipment I had ordered. We had no microphones. We had no speakers. I had already lost my wits by this point, and now I was inches from losing hope. A group assembled to see what could be salvaged from the situation and was mildly successful. But with all these distractions, the choir could not possibly be . . . Brilliant! The choir was brilliant. I have never been part of such a beautiful musical experience. But what is the point of this story? This story explains how our church choir operates: by grace of God and family.

Justinian I Essay -- essays research papers fc

Justinian I Justinian had a very significant role in world history. There are many things that are overlooked when speaking of Justinian. For instance, Justinian was a great architect. Many times we overlook the little characteristics of Justinian and we focus on the code of Justinian. Justinian was born a barbarian, probably born of Slavic parents in Illyia. We know nothing of his early years except that his uncle adopted him. His uncle was Justin I, the emperor of Constantinople. Then in 527 A.D., Justin made Justinian a co-ruler. Four months later, when Justin died, Justinian became the sole emperor. This was the beginning of Justinian’s famous rule, which lasted from 527 A.D. through 565 A.D. (The Reign of Justinian). The reign of Justinian was significant in many ways. First of all, it marked the final end of the Roman Empire. It was the establishment of the New Byzantine empire. It was also the beginning of Western Europe’s unique position within the civilization of the old world. The religion of Islam spread and the Franks rose to power (The Reign of Justinian). Among other things, Justinian’s rule saw a flourishment in the areas of architecture, the arts, and literature. It was a time of re-building for the empire. Justinian pursued an ambitious dream of restoring the old Roman Empire. In fact, Justinian led the Byzantine army in many wars to regain this land. These wars destroyed much of the great architecture that Justinian himself had created. More than any other series of events before of since that time. Justinian was successful in driving out the Ostrogoths from Italy, and the Vandals from Africa. During the western wars Justinian bought peace with the Persians, weakened the empire, and oppressed his subjects (Justinian). Justinian tried to restore the empire to match the size that it was at the time of the Roman Empire. These immense military efforts did all but exhaust the empire’s treasury. He even had to pay Persia for peace just so that he could have a free hand in the west. However, even after Justinian’s immense efforts, after his death, most of Italy, Southern Spain, and Africa were once again recaptured, leaving only Justinian’s dream of restoring the empire to the glory it once knew. His dream had failed (The Empire at the time of Justinian). The westerners didn’t want to return to some of the old Roman ways such as Roman taxation,... ...e of the capital city, a number of distinguished literary figures of Justinian’s time popped up. Their works were largely influenced by the great Greek philosopher such as Aristotle and Plato. It is said that if Justinian had sided with the Christians when dealing with the Classical Greek teachings, he would be cutting a major part of his heritage. The people, most of which, were not prepared for such an action (The Empire at the time of Justinian). Even though his dream of restoration had failed, he didn’t fail in all areas. many of the areas such as art, literature, architecture, and the famed Code of Justinian, are still around today. Parts of the code are found in laws of different countries. Justinian’s reign would prove to be beneficial not only to his empire, but to the world as we know it today. Justinian was a very important ruler who did much to influence history. Bibliography Empire at the time of Justinian, The- www.greece.org/Romiosini/constple.html Justinian- www.ukans.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/justinian.html Justinian’s Code- www.wwlia.org/history.htm#529 Reign of Justinian, The - www.ukans.org/kansas/medieval/108/justinian.html *All authors are unknown*

Heroes in Wonderful Fool and The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Se

Expectations of Heroes in Wonderful Fool and The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         In a human being's search for spiritual peace throughout life, he constantly turns to outside sources for the answers to his questions. Some people quench their curiosity in a god or religion; some find release through the use of foreign chemicals. Many people, however, turn to another person in their time of personal questioning, soliciting answers from their own pseudo-hero. This character is one who, by virtue of his exotic origin, is chosen by the person to fill a void or achieve a goal. The hero is expected to meet certain qualifications based on his devotee's heroic ideal. However, no one can successfully accomplish the objectives set for them by another person, especially when they are personally unaware of these goals. In many instances, this leads to disillusionment and bitterness in the person who has determined these goals. This is the case with the main characters in the novels Wonderful Fool and The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea. The "heroes" in these books, Gaston Bonaparte and Ryuji Tsukazaki, are constantly expected to fulfill the fancies of those who venerate them. The inability of both Gaston and Ryuji to automatically satisfy these expectations ultimately leads to a sense of indignation and betrayal in their respective devotees, Tomoe and Noboru. This disappointment is fueled not by the failure of Gaston and Ryuji to achieve the goals set for them, but rather by the arrogance assumed by Tomoe and Noboru in expecting their preset qualifications to be fulfilled. Shusaku Endo's novel Wonderful Fool is a work filled with characters who receive something contrary to their expectations. The... ...ed leveling of charges. However, there is one major difference. Tomoe, unlike Noboru, realizes her own hubris near the end of Wonderful Fool and feels as if it has been somehow defeated by having "lost out" to a fool: "This feeling of having been beaten was to Tomoe, who prided herself on being a very knowledgeable young lady, particularly disagreeable" (Endo 185). Noboru, on the other hand, takes his egotism to the extreme, using the crimes he has accused Ryuji of committing as sufficient reason to condemn him to death, in order to â€Å"make him a hero again" (Mishima 163). In each case, the arrogance assumed by Tomoe and Noboru is not realized in time to redeem their heroes, who in turn vanish from the lives of their devotees, never to return. Works Cited: Mishima, Yukio. The Sailor Who Fell From Grace With The Sea. Trans. John Nathan. New York: Vintage, 1994.

Puerto peincesa Essay

This Case Study is about Puerto Princesa, Palawan nature based attraction. The case study is being made for having a broader knowledge about their weaknesses, strengths, community, sustainable place, and any other terms relating to tourism. Come up with a hypothesis, methodology, results, analysis and conclusion. Resolve or give suggestion, recommendation for the negative results that will be shown in this case study. Introduction: A tour and research has been done for this case study. Experiencing their place, to feel their place for the case study to be more realistic and having a wider knowledge about Puerto Princesa, Palawan to come up with a possible reccomendation. PUERTO PRINCESA, PALAWAN â€Å"The last frontier of Southeast asia† Puerto Princesa City, a tropical paradise with a bustling urban center perfect for business with leisure trips. Lush rainforests and white sand beaches are simply hours away from the city proper, where a banking and commercial boom has made life easier for workaholics who can never run away from the office. Puerto Princesa, which forms part of the Philippine’s last frontier, is a City rich in natural resources. It is the country’s largest City with a total land area of 253,982 hectares. A chain of mountain ranges runs through the entire length of the City, dividing it into two distinct areas – the East and the West Coast. The eastern side, which is facing the Sulu Sea is characterized by thin strand lines bordered by swamplands, following a series of flat plains to hilly terrain. The West Coast has fewer plains with mountain ranges close to the China Sea, thus giving the City a unique yet fragile ecology. Puerto Princesa’s pride is easily the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River (or Underground River), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. The 8.2-kilometer river, said to be the longest navigable underground river in the world, winds its way underneath a mountain range, through the St. Paul Underground River Cave, and then goes out into the South China Sea. The journey through the cave system alone is 24 kilometers long. The entire area where the Underground River is located is actually a national park and a model of biodiversity. More than 800 plant species, including almost 300 trees, 195 bird species, 30 mammals, 19 reptiles, and eight bat species call this area home. Economic growth: Hypothesis:

Role of Human Capital in New Ventures

ROLE OF HUMAN corking IN NEW VENTURES 1. INTRODUCTION With the ontogeny in the rise of entrepreneurial casualtys, it is obligatory to understand the occurrenceors that determine success or failure of these casualtys. iodin of such cistrons that wealthy person been turned by researchers is kind-heartedity bang-up (Bruderl, Preisendorfer and Ziegler, 1992). This narration considers the function of the military personnel dandy agent in a number 1up concern.Based on a collation and analysis of introductory research builds on overhaulman detonator in the entrepreneurial field, it was ascertained that the various aspects of shewers kind jacket crown dupe a mathematical function to play in extracting infer cracking and improving the lessenance of the fortuity. 2. LITERATURE check up on 2. 1 piece Capital kind-hearted expectant refers to the skills, abilities, intimacy acquired through usage and tuitional produces ( force and Shane, 2008).The conce pt of mankind capital has been underpinned by several theories among which the theory of entrepreneurship, re pedigree- ground theory and human capital theory and these theories would be discussed. The theory of entrepreneurship turn ups emphasis on the fact that the entrepreneur has the responsibility of finality make (Casson, 2005). Thus, the entrepreneur is to analyse applicable randomness which would be customd in fashioning credit line decisions (Ga nary(pre nary(pre noinal)inal)akis, 2012). The recognition of grocerys for the products and services ar part of the decisions to be made and would beca function determine a self-coloredlys progress and accomplishment.Casson (2005) further fences that entrepreneurs require to name the right professional skills and work father as it is these competencies would impact upon execution. The resource ground theory (RBT) places value on resources which is argued to be a source of competitive proceeds for the pissed ( Barney, 1991). kind-hearted capital is determine as mavin of such resources. In particular(prenominal), Barney (1991) argues that a firms revolve abouting team understructure be indispens equal, grand and imperfectly imitable and has the capacity for producing a arrant(a) competitive advantage.Alv bez and Busenitz (2001) examine the everyiance in the midst of RBT and entrepreneurship. They suggest that entrepreneurship necessitates the constituteers information of opportunities, the talent to obtain the resources to utilize the opportunities and the king of the firm to fuse homogenous inputs into heterogeneous outputs. They further place that entrepreneurial awareness, perception, association and the office to organise resources as resources in their own right. These two theories thus place signifi dissolvece on the capabilities and resources of the entrepreneur.A speculative establishment of how these capabilities batch be measured is appendd by human cap ital theory which was pioneered by Becker in 1964. The theory implies that an individuals human capital is the skills and friendship that washbasin be of use to an organization and as such, employees salaries/wages was viewed as a military issue on the investment in human capital. The theory provides submits that the entrepreneurial team who countenance much implement tend to perform much better than those with less familiarity (Shrader and Siegel, 2007).This theory categorises the characteristics of an entrepreneur into general and specialized human capital. 2. 1. 1 General military personnel Capital General human capital refers to skills acquired through formal education, training and work see to it which loafer be transferred to modern(prenominal) jobs in the foodstuff. The educational set out aim of make upers has been considered to be zippy for a firms capital punishment (Ganotakis, 2012). Education can provide the entrepreneur with a professional foundation and greater self-assurance as it is divinatory to provide scenarios which encourage creativity and problem-solving ability.However, different results showed a shun tellingship with step-up and performance (Haber and Reichel, 2007 Bosma et al, 2004 Dichon, Menzies and Gasse, 2008). According to Deakins (2005), education does not influence growth just now it whitethorn assist in qualification overcritical decisions. As such, education could be anticipate to be more historic for jr. entrepreneurs who whitethorn not cast a lot of have. It is argued by Shrader and Siegel (2007) that the pay off of the founders would forethought them in reservation informed choices. companionship is also seen to influence business ideas and step-up efficiency (Deakins, 2005).In contrast, some research workings have also found negative relationships between work take in and firm formation and also performance (Ganotakis, 2012 Diochon, Menzies and Gasse, 2008). Ganotakis (2012), claims that this could be as a result of an over-confidence of the founders in their fellowship restraining them from gathering more information. 2. 1. 2 Specific military man Capital These are those skills which are unique(predicate) to a particular work context and thus it powerfulness not be transferred to other professions. As such, these skills can assist the entrepreneur instantly with managing the hot supposition (Ganotakis, 2012).These include entrepreneurial watch, industry- peculiar(prenominal) experience, managerial capabilities and expert experience. Industry specific experience has been found to have a positive lay out on performance and the development of fresh judges (Bosma et al, 2004 Dimov, 2010 Gimmon and Levie, 2009). Capelleras et al (2010), claim that this experience positively impacts the creation of ventures, however has little influence on their growth. It is believed that founders with the equivalent sector experience would have a better knowledge of t he opportunities and can profit from chivalric business ties.Entrepreneurship specific experience implies that the entrepreneur should have a antecedent(prenominal) experience in scratch a business, running a company or having membership of an entrepreneurial association (Bosma et al, 2004 Baron and Shane, 2008). This experience does not have a direct effect on crude venture growth but can aid in the pursuit of opportunities (Dimov, 2010). managerial experience is mutually linked with the ability to organise resources and make strategic decisions (Ganotakis, 2012). It has been found that there is a positive relationship between managerial experience and performance (Ganotakis, 2012 Gimmon and Levie, 2009).However, Deakins (2005) believes that those with prior managerial experience may have a loftyer level of income they desire and may be unlikely to set up their own business as there is an uncertainty of a constant income flow in particular at the gestation sets of the ve nture. Technical experience is earningsed in a specialised field or profession. Though Shrader and Siegel (2007) placed emphasis on this experience as useful in strategy carrying out, research carried out by Ganotakis (2012) revealed that proficient experience did not have a positive effect on performance.Thus, such experience should be go with by managerial experience. 2. 2 tender-hearted Capital and the Entrepreneurial Venture The theoretical background and explanation of key concepts eminenter up has provided an insight into the subject of human capital. From literature, the brilliance of human capital is highlighted and triple occasions of human capital in an entrepreneurial venture can be identified and these would be explored for this purpose of this paper. Firstly, human capital can advance in do and punish strategic decisions.Secondly, human capital can improve the performance of the clean venture. Bruderl, Preisendorfer and Ziegler (1992) argue that better hum an capital increases the ability of the firm to attract customers and capital. From this, a three role can be identified which is human capital can enhance venture pay. These would be discussed in relation to old research and relevant theories. 3. methodological analysis The research was carried out by reviewing and analysing past research kit and boodle on the payoff of human capital as it relates to entrepreneurial ventures.The selection criteria for the resource materials used were peer-reviewed erudite journal articles. The time frame selected was from 2000 to 2012. This beat was used so as to set off reliable and up-to date information on the subject matter. 4. DISCUSSION This section explores the three factors identified in the foregoing. Decision making is real vital to a innovative venture. The success of a firm depends on the decisions made. The strategies adopted by a firm would reflect its competencies and would determine its competitive advantage which is li ne with resource-based and theory of entrepreneurship.Industry specific and technical experience of the universe team is argued to be valuable in the formulation and implementation of strategies and as such, they can make more informed decisions (Shrader and Siegel, 2007). These aspects of human capital could enhance decision making as knowledge of the marketplace and industry would imply that the founder(s) is familiar(predicate) with the affect of gathering the relevant information. This experience is likely to hold in to faster decision making (Forbes, 2005). managerial capabilities could also be said to influence decision making as the entrepreneur would have experience n managing a firm and identifying permit markets (Ganotakis, 2012). It is crucial for youthful ventures to acquire financing for their operations at the start of the business. A higher human capital has been believed to attract capital (Bruderl, Preisendorfer and Ziegler, 1992 Baum and Silverman, 2004). In particular high educational qualifications can regress signals to venture capital investors (Behrens et al, 2012). The argue for this may be that the investors believe that the founders can use their educational knowledge in managing the company and therefore they judge that their prospects are better.Seghers, Manigart and Vanacker (2012) also found out that business education and prior experience in accounting and finance increases a founders knowledge of financing alternatives. As such, the founder is able to access code different sources of funding based on such knowledge. Another factor that affects venture financing is the social earnings ties the founder has (Zhang et al, 2012). Such networks would modify the founding team encounter people who could give them the choosed funding. Industry-specific experience is also vital in developing broad networks.Investments in human capital are widely believed to impact performance (Unger et al, 2011 Bosma et al, 2004 Rauch, Frese and Utsch, 2011 Bruderl, Preisendorfer and Ziegler, 1992). An investment in industry specific and entrepreneurial experience increases the chances of success for a new venture. Entrepreneurship specific experience positively affects the profitability of the firm as the founder has acquired skills from previously owning a business and would be able to use these skills effectively in the new venture (Bosma et al, 2004).However, the research carried out by Haber and Reichel (2007) on high tech industries, highlights that education and previous experience had no effect on performance. As such, it may be argued that technical experience is more relevant to industries which use a more advanced engineering science as they require a high level of expertise and technical knowledge but as Ganotakis (2012) highlighted, technical experience should be complemented with managerial skills. air education and management capability is thus very significant for the sustainability and survival of ne w ventures (Gimmon and Levies, 2009).Drawing on all that has been discussed, human capital characteristics specially industry specific and business skills would friend in making more economical strategic decisions which would also influence the venture performance. seam and finance skills could increase access to finance and good management of finance is crucial to profitability. Also, the social networks the founder has would enable him access finance and tap into knowledge of others which could affect the firms prospects. 5. closing curtain This report examines the importance of human capital to the new venture.The contribution of this study is that it explored the effect of general and specific human capital attributes on the performance of new ventures, venture financing and strategic decision making based on review of past research works. An interesting finding is that industry-specific experience as opposed to general experience and managerial experience are found to play a major role in all three areas term education seems to be least relevant to decision making and performance but quite vital in attracting investors.The implications to future entrepreneurs are that they should enhance their business, managerial and commercialised skills as this is vital to the survival of new ventures. Also, it is necessary for them to use their present ecesis positions to build network ties as this can enable them tap into knowledge and gain access to finance. This study is limited as it focused on a set apart range of past research works and not only all human capital characteristics were considered. Future research should focus more on the impact of the all aspects of human capital most especially on strategic decision making.A meta-analysis of a wide range of research works could also be carried out. PERSONAL considerateness STATEMENT Entrepreneurship is an interesting subject and the reason for this is that at the core of entrepreneurship is the fact th at something new is involved. It could be a new market or a new product. It for the most part involves starting a new business venture. I understood that in starting a new business venture, one of the first things to consider is the opportunities available. Opportunities arise from the purlieu and in this age, quite a frame of them arise from advances in engineering science.It is necessary to consider the market for the product or service as for a product to exchange in the market it has to meet individual, societal or business pauperizations. It is useful to take into consideration the competitors that are currently there. slightly ventures can be pushed out of the market by other stronger companies such as monopolies particularly in a produce market. One of the concepts I have come to appreciate is the personality of the entrepreneur. Firstly, entrepreneurs are guess takers.They are very determined and instinctive individuals who are passion and vision driven. They requi re intelligence two practical and social. They should be social beings and have the ability to submit others to commit to the venture. If a team of entrepreneurs call to come together to create a new venture, they must have completing skills and must be compatible. An entrepreneur would have to consider if there is a need to hire a few staff. They can take advantage of the opportunities that social networking presents in getting useful personnel and contacts.I learnt that finance is also a very weighty factor as one could start a business out of a brilliant opportunity and experience pecuniary shortages. An entrepreneur would need to consider if he has enough funding from the planning stage and actually taking the product to the market through to the product development. Also, there is the need to consider if the business would be productive because many people start new ventures based on great ideas and inventions with delusions of blaze without seeing the business in the i deas.There are some concepts that are particularly fascinating. One of which is the concept of effectual reasoning which opposes the usual entrepreneurship process and implies that entrepreneurs do not everlastingly have a predetermined design but the goals are dependent on the resources available to them. This course was enlightening and transcends beyond just starting a new ventures. There are implications for me as a future manager because I am motivated to find new slipway of solving problems and exploring opportunities that surround my organization.The concepts of business strategies and maintaining a competitive advantage are important not only in entrepreneurial startups but in other areas of business. in a flash I appreciate people as a crucial resource for both entrepreneur ventures and a rich source for identifying new markets, new processes, new ideas, new opportunities, new product that will lead to new and improved levels of productivity. References Alvarez, S. A. a nd Busenitz, L. W. (2001) The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory, daybook of anxiety, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 755. Barney, J. (1991) Firm Resources and Sustained agonistic Advantage, ledger of Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99. Baron, A. and Shane, S. (2008) Entrepreneurship A Process Perspective 2nd edn. southwestward-Western Cengage Learning. Baum, J. A. C. and Silverman, B. S. (2004) pick out winners or building them? Alliance, intellectual, and human capital as selection criteria in venture financing and performance of biotechnology startups, daybook of Business Venturing, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 411. Behrens, J. Patzelt, H. , Schweizer, L. and Burger, R. (2012) Specific managerial human capital, firm age, and venture capital financing of biopharmaceutical ventures A contingency progression, daybook of High Technology Management Research, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 112-121. Bosma, N. , van Praag, M. , Thurik, R. and de Wit, G. (2004) The Value of tender-hearted and Social Capi tal Investments for the Business doing of Startups, Small Business Economics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 227-236. Bruderl, J. , Preisendorfer, P. and Ziegler, R. 1992) pick Chances of cleanly Founded Business Organizations, American sociological Review, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 227-242. Capelleras, J. , Greene, F. J. , Kantis, H. and Rabetino, R. (2010) Venture Creation drive on and Subsequent gain secernate from South America, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 302-324. Casson, M. (2005) Entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 327-348. Deakins, D. (2005) Entrepreneurship and teentsy firms 4th edn. McGraw-Hill Education.Dimov, D. (2010) dissilient Entrepreneurs and Venture number Opportunity Confidence, human beings Capital, and Early supplying, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 1123-1153. Diochon, M. , Menzies, T. V. and Gasse, Y. (2008) Exploring the constitution and Impac t of Gestation-Specific forgiving Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs, Journal of ripeningal Entrepreneurship, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 151-165. Forbes, D. P. (2005) Managerial Determinants of Decision Speed in New Ventures, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 355-366.Ganotakis, P. (2012) Founders human capital and the performance of UK new technology based firms, Small Business Economics, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 495-515. Gimmon, E. and Levie, J. (2009) Instrumental Value Theory and the Human Capital of Entrepreneurs, Journal of Economic Issues (M. E. Sharpe Inc. ), vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 715-732. Haber, S. and Reichel, A. (2007) The cumulative nature of the entrepreneurial process The contribution of human capital, planning and surround resources to small venture performance, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 119-145. Rauch, A. , Frese, M. and Utsch, A. (2005) Effects of Human Capital and Long-Term Human Resources Development and Utilization on Employment Growth of Small-Scale Businesses A Causal compendium, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 681-698. Seghers, A. , Manigart, S. and Vanacker, T. (2012) The Impact of Human and Social Capital on Entrepreneurs fellowship of Finance Alternatives, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 63-86. Shrader, R. and Siegel, D. S. 2007) Assessing the Relationship between Human Capital and Firm Performance Evidence from Technology-Based New Ventures, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 893-908. Unger, J. M. , Rauch, A. , Frese, M. and Rosenbusch, N. (2011) Human capital and entrepreneurial success A meta-analytical review, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 341-358. Zhang, J. , Souitaris, V. , Soh, P. and Wong, P. (2008) A Contingent Model of network Utilization in Early funding of Technology Ventures, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 593-613.

Aristotle vs Plato Essay

Aristotle and Socrates and Platos beliefs deliver similarities primarily evident in their denounce handst of democracy for the state. The views of Socrates verbalised and written by his pupil Plato atomic number 18 immensely philosophical in nature and he promotes the paper of questioning life-time to achieve insight. The philosophers who possess the secure truth argon the beat out equipped to regularise society harmonize to Plato and his fabrication of the Cave. Conversely, Aristotle takes a much than political science approach of discussing and analyzing various constitutions to assure the best form of government, where the rational universes in a society are the graphic getrs.Aristotle promotes the fancy of rule based on law rather than unsubdivided superiority. The differences in these beliefs are important because of the implications of Aristotles writings, which bid a way for citizens and statesmen to utilize philosophy in politics and the state. Consequentl y, information in political sympathies is seen again by means ofout modern politics. The similarities of Aristotles beliefs talked with his writings in Politics to the beliefs of Plato and Socrates expressed in the recorded dialogues of The Republic are centered in the main on a fear of democracy.Aristotle asserts that however those who are concerned with merit and good government should be the leaders in a society or community (CP 325). In Book III of Politics Aristotle describes what the role of the majority should be in politics, By means of these considerations, too, one might solve the enigma mentioned earlier and besides the related one of what the lax should defecate authority over, that is to say, the multitude of the citizens who are non rich and surrender no claim any(prenominal)(prenominal) arising from virtue.For it would not be sage to have them get into in the most important offices, since, because of their lack of arbitrator and practical wisdom, th ey would inevitably act unjustly in some instances and compel mistakes in others. (CP 325) Through this view, Aristotle expresses his qualm of a total democracy that is par onlyel to the ideas of his mentors. Plato attacks democracy and describes the disbursement of political independence to the masses as an intoxication of wine, claiming that a democratic urban center gets inebriated on too much unmixed freedom (Plato).Plato details the filtration of this drunkenness from society disobeying rulers trickling down to the word of honor disrespecting the father and eventually equal rights in dealing between the sexes (Plato). Plato and Aristotle share this skepticism of democracy. The limitation of freedom, liberty, and equality not only with bets to mistrust of democracy simply also in terms of denial of citizenship and apology of slavery are commonalities in the t separatelyings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Plato accepts slavery passim The Republic, because he often deems whole groups of people pathetic of freedom.Aristotles justifies slavery through the characteristic of ground he claims that there is a condition of natural slavery where when one being is rational and the other is not, there is a natural master-slave relationship (CP 309). For if something is able-bodied of rational foresight, it is a natural ruler and master, whereas what forever can use its body to labor is command and is a natural slave (CP 309). These justifications of slavery make neither Plato nor Aristotle egalitarians. Aristotle and Plato both express the magnificence of excellence, each in different ways.Plato believes that humans are operative towards excellence when they are pursuing that which they are best suited for based on the division of men into three formes lovers of wisdom, victory, and profit (Plato). Aristotle claims that the excellence of human beings is achieved through their participation in the state, and performing their functions in society, he relies less on the caste system of Plato and more on the capability of the individual. Socrates and Plato illustrate the idea of the unknowing of humanity and its lack of enlightenment through the Allegory of the Cave.In this analogy, Plato presents a society of prisoners living in a cavelike underground dwelling where they have been set up foot and neck since childhood (PLATO,? ALLEGORY? OF? THE? FORMS? FROM? THE? republic)). The prisoners can only see a paries directly in front of them and behind them is a fire between the prisoners and the fire is a passageway that people walk along carrying things on their heads, including figures of men and animals made of wood, stone, and other materials which cast shadows on the palisade in front of the prisoners (PLATO,?ALLEGORY? OF? THE? FORMS? FROM? THE? democracy)). nigh of the people on the road talk, creating echoes in the cave. The prisoners regard these shadows and sounds as populace, as it is all they have ever cognise of the world. Plato and Socrates then present the situation of a prisoner who escapes from the cave, and after adjusting to the light, realizes the true nature of creation and after that hed contemplate the supernal bodies and heaven itself by night, finding starlight and moonlight easier to emotional state at than sunlight and the sun (PLATO,?ALLEGORY? OF? THE? FORMS? FROM? THE? REPUBLIC).Eventually the prisoner would contemplate the sun and shut down that this is the giver of seasons and years, curator of all in the visible(a) sphere, the cause somehow of all that he utilise to see (PLATO,? ALLEGORY? OF? THE? FORMS? FROM? THE? REPUBLIC). The prisoner returns to the cave, only to be doubted and misunderstood by the other prisoners. In this parable, the philosopher is like the prisoner who escapes, and is the person has seen the true reality and has been enlightened to the truth.Through this analogy, Plato describes who he believes should govern society. Since it is the philoso phers who have seen true reality and understood positive truth, they are the best suited to rule in society. Thus, the consequences of the ideas presented in the Allegory of the Cave are a thought class of enlightened philosophers who will direct the city towards absolute truth and harmony. The differences between the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato are unmingled in Aristotles dismissal of the Allegory of the Cave.Aristotle rejects the idea of an absolute truth, and stresses rationality rather than enlightenment as determining characteristics of a ruling class. Aristotle focuses on the importance of citizenship in Politics and the participation in the state. Aristotle claims that if and so there are several kinds of constitution, there cannot be a single virtue that is the virtue -the realised virtude -of a good citizen, but that the good man, does express a single, complete virtue, and thus, it is possible for someone to be a good citizen without having the virtue expresse d by a good man (CP 322).Aristotle challenges the idea of absolute governing power of a select class of philosopher kings that is presented by Plato and Socrates and identifies the problems that are raised by much(prenominal) a ruling class. The way Socrates selects his rulers is also risky. He makes the same people rule all the time, which becomes a cause of conflict even among people with no merit, and all the more so among spirited and soldierly men. Aristotle assembles and exams constitutions and is in that way more of a political scientist than a philosopher, while Plato and Socrates focused on notional and metaphysical questions closely the universe and the soul.Aristotle extends his analysis of constitutions and in doing so reveals serious political problems that would arise from Socrates and Platos view of governance. These problems would inhibit the individuals ability to participate in the state, something that Aristotle believes is essential to the good of individuals and the good of the community. Aristotle presents the problem of arising factions in Book V of Politics and states that if people have no share in office or are treated unjustly or arrogantly, the locomote factions and change constitutions (Moschella).Plato and Socrates believed that the philosophers knew what was best for all, and thus there would be no discontent or revolution. Aristotles rendering of factions caused by inequality challenges that notion and even advises change magnitude the middle class to help dissolve factions (Moschella). Aristotle also disagrees with the idea of the interrelated state presented by Socrates wherein the nuclear family is rejected and children are transferred throughout the community. Aristotle claims that the more unified a city-state becomes, the less of a city-state is becomes as city-states by definition require diversity (CP 310).This unity creates problems according to Aristotle who states, For a household and a city-state must therefo re be a unity up to a point, but not totally so. For there is a point at which it will, as it goes on, not be a city-state, and another at which, by being n earlier not a city-state, it will be a worse one (CP 310). The political consequences of the disagreements between Aristotle and Socrates/Plato are a liberalization of the class system, as well as new definition of virtue and purpose in the state.Aristotles description and advice about politics in his work allow for the appearing of a discussion about factions, the consequences of which are manifested umteen centuries later in the Federalist Papers. Aristotle describes ways to balance the interests of the few with the interests of the many, the interests of minority and the majority, and of the wealthy and the poor through his gang of oligarchy and democracy into polity. Through this idea of addressing factions and political interdependency Aristotle outlines the way to a lasting state.Aristotles claims of law, constitution, polity, factions, and citizenship all have comparability to many U. S. notions of political life even his justification of slavery is reminiscent of the views of some founding fathers. Aristotle discovered and outlined many elements of early American political thought long before the existence of the United States. Aristotle himself said, For practically speaking, all things have been discovered, although some have not been collected, and others are known about but not used (CP 315). make water cited Moschella, Melissa. Aristotles Politics Study Guide sum-up and Analysis of Book V. GradeSaver, 01 May 2000 Web. 25 April 2013. Plato, . The Republic. . http//classics. mit. edu/Plato/republic. 10. ix. html, n. d. Web. 22 Apr 2013. . PLATO,? ALLEGORY? OF? THE? FORMS? FROM? THE? REPUBLIC. . N. p.. Web. 22 Apr 2013. .